30. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Industrial Arts. Given the anti-Museveni sentiment of most Acholis, the LRA's inability to mobilize support - or to at least avoid repudiation by its own ethnic base - is remarkable. Idi Amin (197179) the Acholi were severely persecuted and their men systematically executed for their past association with the colonial army and for their support of Pres. deaths. The cookies store information anonymously and assign a randomly generated number to identify unique visitors. higher now, due to the ongoing growth in population. Uganda Journal 3(3): 175-202. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Since the British had set up their administrational centre in the Social Control. Notable among the Acholi soldiers who made the ranks were Gen. Tito Okello-Lutwa, Brig. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Classics in African Anthropology - International African Institute Despite the years of leadership by men from the North, that region continued to be marginalized economically after independence, and has suffered higher rates of poverty than other areas of the country. Precolonial trade, both within Acholi and throughout the region, focused mainly on obtaining iron ore and finished iron products in exchange for baskets or products of the farm, herd, or hunt. outsiders: The Arabs had established a killing government on Acholi, some of the chiefs who The settlement of the Acholi in their current territory is compared to the ethnic groups in the members of royal lineages, and lineage heads all seem to have been more. (p. 34). Identification. Land Tenure. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. The movement hopes to strengthen the political and economic power of women in society and so push back destruction of the natural environment. Stream and swamp fishing are important. This cookie is set by Facebook to deliver advertisement when they are on Facebook or a digital platform powered by Facebook advertising after visiting this website. . Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. The account of the Acholi reaching "Acholi [19], The religious leaders have tried to help end the conflict in the country of the last two decades and to reconcile the parties. Other uncategorised cookies are those that are being analysed and have not been classified into a category as yet. [17] Most of the LRA returnees, numbering 12,000, underwent nyono tong gweno ('stepping on the egg') after returning to their home villages, to help restore them to home. They are speakers of Western Nilotic languages and are traditionally farmers. "[15] Although they were believed to have supernatural powers, the chiefs ruled through a Council of Clan Elders, so they never ruled singlehandedly. The LRA has been targeting civilians, the majority being their own tribe, the Acholi. Under Ugandan Pres. These figures represent population densities of 20.4 persons per square kilometer in 1980, 16.5 per square kilometer in 1969, and about one-fourth and one-fifth the 1969 densities during the earlier two periods. [28], In 2012 the American charity Invisible Children produced a documentary about the LRA. 30 Chiefly authority was however not absolute, as power was shared with lineage elders ( ladit kaka) and political authority was mainly vested in came a new hierarchy of chiefs, clerks, and policemen, all under the "Some Notes on Acholi Religious Ceremonies." This cookie is set by doubleclick.net. Luo peoples - Wikipedia These include Christian marriage (with or without bride-wealth), elopement, and single parenthood. [7] During the second half of the nineteenth century, Arabic-speaking traders from the north started to call them Shooli, a term which was transformed into 'Acholi'.[8]. Graduating Essay, Department of History, Makerere University (Kampala). Their traditional communities were organised hamlets of circular huts with high peaked roofs, furnished with a mud sleeping-platform, jars of grain and a sunken fireplace. Purifications or atonement practices are still performed by Acholi elders in some communities. The Anguish of Northern Uganda - Sections 3 - 5 - Uganda The PEPFAR Uganda 2023 Science Summit on HIV and TB: Following the others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators Museveni has held absolute power since, surviving unrest, civil war, and numerous attempts at coups. The Tonga occupy much of Southern Province in Zambia (formerly No, ETHNONYMS: Batswana, Bechuana (colonial appellation) The northerners also contributed to the further evolution of an Acholi identity, not only by introducing the name "Shuuli," which eventually became "Acholi," but by acting in ways that promoted Acholi as a meaningful ethnic and geographic entity. After weaning and up to the age of 5 or 6, however, much of the day-to-day caretaking of a child has customarily been done by an opposite-sex sibling or other preadolescent (often a member of the father's lineage), called lapidi (nurse-child). Acholi officers now expected Obote to appoint an Acholi to replace Oyite Ojok. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. He had established the Equatorial Province in 1870 In 2005, the new International Criminal Court in The Hague issued arrest warrants for Joseph Kony and other top LRA commanders. PDF "Acholi Youth Are Lost": Young, Christian and (A)political in Uganda Idi Amin (1971-79) the Acholi were severely persecuted and their men systematically executed for their past association with the colonial army and for their support of Pres. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. [10] Peace talks beginning in 2005 promised some relief to these people, and some camps were closed in 2007 as security in the north improved. The full integration of the Acholi into the British colonial complex happened comparatively late. All affines, meanwhile, are known as "mother." 1.84 million people, mostly Acholi, lived in 251 different Internal Displaced Person camps. Political Organization. the hands of Arabs, this prompted Acholi not to accept any foreigners on their land any The Song of Lawino, one of the most successful African literary works, was written by Okot p'Bitek, published in 1966 in Acholi, and later translated to English. A rebellion PUBLISHED: 30/01/2023. In such a context, the land rights of those with the least power widows, the disabled, the elderly were very insecure. The cookie is used by cdn services like CloudFare to identify individual clients behind a shared IP address and apply security settings on a per-client basis. Atkinson, Ronald R. (1989). Acholi Quarter in Kampala, for example, is largely populated by formerly rural Acholi from Northern Uganda, uprooted by years of conflict and now caught in a situation of prolonged displacement. During this period of growing integration into the colonial trade routes, the Acholi chiefdoms "The Evolution of Ethnicity among the Acholi of Uganda: The Pre-colonial Phase." Thanks for using our World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples! Although polygyny has often been presented as an ideal, limited means have always made it rare in practice. One illustration of this is the various spirit-possession-based millennial (and military) movements that have been prominent in Acholi during the extremely difficult period of the late 1980s and early 1990s, most famously the Holy Spirit Movement of Alice Lakwena. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. The Central Lwo during the Aconya. L. No. majority peasant population. Batswana are divided into a number of subgroups or "tribes": Bahurut, Shona Boys and girls are typically socialized into distinct gender roles, and do household and other chores accordingly. Uma, F. K. (1971). The Acholi are proud and loud, but have been exposed as a group without a uniting leadership. )[9], "Since independence in 1962, Uganda has been plagued by ethnically driven, politically manipulated violence referred to by some as a history of 'cycles of revenge and mistrust'. Uganda - Government and society | Britannica Over the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, some seventy chiefdoms were founded throughout the area that became Acholi, leading to the development of a new social order and political culture, the spread of a new language (Luo), and the evolution of a new society and collective identity. Omissions? When the victorious NRA started violent acts of vengeance in the following years, He wrote, "Part of the structural causes of the conflict in Uganda has been explained as rooted in the 'diversity of ethnic groups which were at different levels of socio-economic development and political organisation.' It does not store any personal data. The Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) under the leadership of Joseph Kony has waged a war against Yoweri Museveni's government. The cookie is used to calculate visitor, session, campaign data and keep track of site usage for the site's analytics report. However, this number is most likely considerably From the Village to Entebbe: The Acholi of Northern Uganda and - CORE Required electronic filing by tax-exempt political organizations. in the form of the Acholi district (Vincent, 2012). 53- It has similarity with Alur, Padhola language, and other Luo languages in South Sudan Shilluk, Anuak,Pari, Balanda, Boor, Thuri. Marriage. "[9], Milton Obote, the first leader after independence, relied on Acholi Luo people and Langi Nilo Hamites or Ateker peoples in government. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. with the Gulu district being by far the most populated one (Uganda, 2016). While Acholi also lives north of the South Sudaneseborder, the Sudanese Acholi are often excluded from the political meaning of the term "Acholiland". In addition, the peace forums have worked to help establish the Amnesty Commission. Despite their common language and ethnic designation, the Acholi of Uganda and the southern Sudan have distinct origins and developed along different historical trajectories; the remainder of this cultural summary will focus on the more populous Uganda Acholi. A typical household consists of a nuclear family (husband, wife, and unmarried children), although aged parents, unmarried siblings, offspring of deceased siblings, or others are often household members as well. Ceremonies. The EU's External Democracy Action in a New Geopolitical Reality: Policy Brief. This has continued in various guises ever since. Since the entrenchment of colonial rule, an average of 10 to 20 percent of adult Acholi males at any one time have been involved in migrant labor or employment in the police or army that has taken them from their home and families. The Acholi, unlike many of their southern neighbours, did not create a form of Once chiefdoms were established, Acholi religious beliefs focused on three types of spirits (jogi; sing. "The Ancestral Shrine of the Acholi." Most Acholi, however, continue to live in neighborhoods (parishes) that not only consist predominantly of patrilineal kinsmen and their wives, but often carry the old lineage names. As some of these languages show some form of them innocent civilianslost their lives; from the mid-1980s The Taxpayer First Act, Pub. Most political organizations take the form of a voluntary association of persons or organizations that pools its members' and constituents' financial and other resources, and engages in conventional political actions to affect policy-making outcomes. be possessed by a spirit named Lakwena, the so-called Holy Spirit Movement fought a rebellion The history and politics of ethnicity and language 37. (1976). However, the date of retrieval is often important. Traditionally, a young man was dependent upon his lineage head and elders both for permission to marry and for the material goods required for bride-wealth; elders of the woman's lineage were also much involved in the discussions and negotiations surrounding the marriage. Uganda Journal 7(1): 27-43. In contrast, the Acholi and other northern ethnic groups supplied much of the national manual labour and came to comprise a majority of the military, creating what some have called a "military ethnocracy". Childlessness is one of the most serious misfortunes imaginable; women are typically blamed, and the marriage often ends or the husband takes a second wife. Kinship Terminology. Wright, A. C. A. The Fipa are a Bantu-speaking people of southwestern Tanzania in East-Central Africa. Acholi live in Northern Uganda, in the districts Kitgum, Pader and Gulu. Even though this contact was described as a grossly negative experience for the Acholi, this into the 1990s, Acholi was the scene of similar levels of conflict. 3 vols. Some Acholi mothers exclaim that they do not know their sons after they have been away in the army. . [26], In 2016, the multi award-winning film, A Brilliant Genocide was produced. The Acholi resisted the establishment of the development of chiefdoms seems to have been the ability of rwodi to help Diversity Management in Sudan's Democratic Transitional Arrangements: Technical Paper 1, January 2023. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. Acholi: Talking Politics in Northern Uganda Many Ugandans follow politics with keen interest, and President Yoweri Musevei's 34-year tenure notwithstanding, politics is a frequent topic of in-depth conversation and spirited debate among friends and acquaintances, and my conversations with my mentor are no exception. This period of increased contact with non-Acholi accelerated the Orientation The Population Geography of Acholi District. This article was most recently revised and updated by Amy McKenna. to accumulate substantial fortunes, as have a few traders. In the precolonial era, warfare, herding, and hunting were the domain of men. Milton Obote (196271, 198085). It is part of the Southern Lwoo languages Figure 5. Linguistic Affiliation. Acholi have played a pivotal role in the turbulent post-independence era. Peace negotiations to end the long-running rebellion by the Lords Resistance Army continued, while security in the north improved through 2007. of the nineteenth century, both among Acholi chiefdoms and with Chiefs are chosen from one lineage. The available evidence suggests that conflict in Acholi before the end The purpose of the cookie is to determine if the user's browser supports cookies. Visit the repository for full metadata or to contact the repository team (February 23, 2023). against the central government. Acholi | Encyclopedia.com areas of the Buganda Kingdom and their main trading routes extended eastwards towards Kenya, Acholi Sub-region is consist of seven districts, namely; Gulu, Kitgum, Lamwo, Pader, Agago, Amuru and Nwoya, and are situtated in northern Uganda. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. [10] General Tito Okello was an Acholi, and came to power in a military coup. The rwot was the most important political, economic and social personality in the political entity of 'chiefdoms', which were installed in Acholiland in the late seventeenth, early eighteenth century. They were approached in regard to such general concerns as good health, fertility, and appeals or thanks for good harvests in ceremonies that usually emphasized the consciousness, cohesiveness, and continuation of their respective groups as functioning corporate entities. and tributes paid to them. Recognized compensation and reconciliation procedures seem to have often limited or prevented serious conflict, especially among neighboring chiefdoms within the same zone. The Roots of Ethnicity: The Origins of the Acholi of Uganda before 1800. Langlands, B. W. (1971). Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Administrative divisions within Acholi, however, both during colonial rule and since independence, have often reflected preexisting sociopolitical units: lineages at the parish level; chiefdoms at the subcounty level; and larger zones of the most intensive (and peaceful) interpolity interactions at the county level. Conflict. World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples. with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. But when Idi Amin overthrew Obotes first spell in power, and when Yoweri Musevini ousted Okello, the Acholi paid heavily for their allegiances. Religious Practitioners. In precolonial Acholi, lineage heads and elders were most responsible for social control, though one of the attractions that assisted the development of chiefdoms seems to have been the ability of rwodi to help settle disputes that involved more than one lineage. The Holy Spirit Movement and Its Fight against Evil in the North." https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/acholi, "Acholi state, political organization of society, or the body politic, or, more narrowly, the institutions of government. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. This paper is a case study analysis of the sociological phenomena of forgiveness occurring in an ongoing two-decade war in northern Uganda. Contemporary versions or amalgams of these practitioners continue to function in Acholi. (Byrnes, 1990, p. 6), did the Acholi not arrive in their present-day area before the 15th century All procedures are conducted with care, to attempt to ensure that the spirit of the departed does not become angry. Religion of the Central Luo. Many of the Acholi soldiers who joined the Kings African Rifles (KAR), the British colonial army, were deployed to the frontlines in southeast Asia especially in Singapore and Burma during the World War II where they held British positions against an intense Japanese offensive. Vincent (2012). [1994], p. 80). He understood the emergence of an Acholi identity as a final step in a social process that did not Acholi chiefdoms ranged in population from under 1,000 to as many as 20,000 people and consisted of a number of fenced villages, each with recognized land rights vested in the patrilineal lineage (kaka ) at its core. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. The Lwoo. In . ETHNONYM: Karanga (historical) Subsistence and Commercial Activities. [29], Media related to Acholi people at Wikimedia Commons. Extensive mission activity in Acholi by both Protestants and Catholics has attracted many followers since the second decade of the twentieth century. Farming and hunting dominated the live in this rural into the independence era. Political Organization Defined | Internal Revenue Service The women have accomplished agriculturists, growing and processing a variety of food crops, including millet, simsim, groundnuts, peas, sorghum and vegetables. connected and intertwined chiefdoms. of as dialects of Acholi. Recognized compensation and reconciliation procedures seem to . Both Protestant and Catholic missionaries were active in Acholi from early colonial rule, providing written Luo religious, educational, and historical texts and producing a local educated elite, all of which fostered the further development of an Acholi identity within the colonial context of "tribal" culture, consciousness, and politics. Acholi men say, Property cant own property, and the notion of women having independent land rights is an anomaly to them. Most prominent among them was the Uganda People's Army (UPA) in Teso and Lango sub region, the West Nile Bank Frontiers (WNBF) in the West Nile region, the Uganda People's Democratic Army, the Holy Spirit Movement and the LRA in the Acholi region. groups, the Ugandan army, and Karamojong raiders (who have been active The Roots of Ethnicity: The Origins of the Acholi of Uganda - JSTOR The cookie also tracks the behavior of the user across the web on sites that have Facebook pixel or Facebook social plugin. Each clan was administered by a council of elders chosen because of their outstanding military performance and because of their senior position in the community. collective identity evolved, and a common language (Luo) spread. (Atkinson, 2011 The Acholi dialect is a Western Nilotic language, classified as Luo (or Lwo). With independence, the Acholi remained marginal within the framework of Uganda as a whole, with one crucial exception: their disproportionate numbers in the police and army. The Acholi live in small hamlets among patrilineal kin. Central to the new order were a set of notions about political leadership in which chiefs (rwodi; sing, rwot ) shared power and decision making with the heads of chiefdoms' constituent lineages; a system of redistributive tribute within each polity, with the chief at the center; and royal, often rainmaking, drums as symbols of sovereignty and authority. Colonial rule brought the penetration of a money economy into Acholi, along with the establishment of numerous rural and small-town trading centers and the two major urban centers of Gulu and Kitgum, where a range of local and imported goods are available. [12] These camps had some of the highest mortality rates in the world, with an estimated 1,000 people dying per week at one point. More commonly, almost any salaried job in the public or private sector represents an income that averages several times that of a member of the majority peasant population. The major art forms of the Acholi have been drumming, singing, and dancing. In addition to these six languages, some authors also classify Labwor (Ladefoged, Social Organization. Mass meetings were organized separately by Luo people in Kavirondo and the Kikuyu people in Nairobi. Dwyer, John Orr (1972) 'The Acholi of Uganda: adjustment to imperialism'. Ruhakana Rugunda, the Ugandan minister of internal affairs and leader of the government negotiating team, noted the effectiveness of the traditional system. This term then southern parts of the country. B. Webster, eds. Domestic Unit. Administrative divisions within Acholi, however, both during colonial (unpublished thesis) Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms International . It refers to people known locally as Luo Gang. This cookie is set by Youtube. Finally a common social order and political culture developed, and new society and NAPE, along with sister organization the National Association for Women's Action in Development, has brought together more than 5,000 women from . The cookie is used to store information of how visitors use a website and helps in creating an analytics report of how the website is doing. London: Oxford University Press. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyse the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. During the colonial period, political leadership in Acholi was latest redrawing of the administrative divisions, it contains seven districts; Agago, Amuru, Gulu, In the past, medical problems were addressed through approaches to various spirits, by visits to diviners, and by the use of herbs, roots, and other folk medicines. the area around Lake Victoria as early as the fourth century B.C. Apart from hundreds of thousands of deaths and tens of thousands being abducted, centralised kingdom but instead organised themselves as a collection of smaller chiefdoms. 1544957. Death and Afterlife. Acholi conceive of death as an inevitable, personal defeat and tragedy, against which there is no ultimate defense. Acholi: Talking Politics in Northern Uganda - Unizin became more frequent, more deadly, and more widely spread. "State Formation in Acholi: The Emergence of Obbo, Pajok, and Panyikwara States c. Localized lineages have been the fundamental social units in Acholi, with chiefdoms providing a layer of organization above the lineages from the late seventeenth to the early twentieth centuries. With the coming of the ivory and slave trades, and the firearms that accompanied them, conflict became more frequent, more deadly, and more widely spread. This conflict lasted until 2008 and ended with the LRA fleeing to Eastern Crazzolara, J. P. (1938). for social control, though one of the attractions that assisted the Localized lineages have been the fundamental social units in Acholi, Kin Groups and Descent. Among other provisions, this legislation specifically amended IRC Section 527 (j) to require the e-filing of Form 8872, Political . This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. 1orthern Uganda or Acholiland is formally known as the Acholi sub-region, an area inhab N - ited primarily by speakers of the Acholi language, whom I refer to as the Acholi. With the coming of the ivory Apart from land, the rights to which were passed on equally to all sons, the eldest son was traditionally the designated heir of the father's property, although he was supposed to provide for the needs of his younger brothers. LRA, after losing support from the local population, also turned on the people of northern They were also against the power consolidation approach of the NRA, which included mass arrest, torturing, killing, cattle raiding, food crop destruction, and looting and burning of villages. Divorce, which can occur for numerous reasons, is not uncommon and may or may not involve return of the bride-wealth; children, as members of the father's lineage, usually either stay with the father or return to him later. their clans, giving them the ability to accumulate wealth and power beyond their rights to land Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Encyclopedia of World Cultures. fight the Arab slave traders and his colonial administration was viewed as not very invasive "Is Alice Lakwena a Witch? While Bantu speaking groups had begun to occupy Used to track the information of the embedded YouTube videos on a website. [26][27], The NRA managed to defeat all the rebel groups except the LRA which culminated in a 20-year conflict. The cult-like militia has abducted an estimated 25,000 children over the years, forcing them to commit heinous atrocities against civilians.
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