Philosophia 44, 961969 (2016). Philosophical Studies, 153, 261272. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. As a sufficient condition for moral responsibility, the principle of alternate possibilities reads as follows: A person is morally responsible for what they have done if they could have done otherwise. Philosophical Explorations, 12(2), 109118. Give an example of where you have seen moment, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, The Language of Composition: Reading, Writing, Rhetoric, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self. The Federalist was originally planned to be a series of essays for publication in New York City newspapers, but ultimately expanded into a collection of 85 essays, which were published as two volumes in March and May 1788. is a place where people live, work, and spend their time. What is necessary is that either PAP(s) or the twin world condition is satisfied. Here, Frankfurt presents the act of being able to do otherwise as a necessary condition for the ascription of moral responsibility. It must be stressed that if one takes the pessimistic point of view and discounts the possibility of an effective international control over nuclear weapons at the present time, then the advisability of an early use of nuclear bombs against Japan becomes even more doubtful -- quite independently of any humanitarian considerations. Harry Frankfurt's description of the distinctly human quality of forming desires about their desires, opinions about their opinions. Which of the following arguments would a supporter of using nuclear weapons against Japan have. The power lines damagedbythestorm\underline{\text{damaged by the storm}}damagedbythestorm needed repairs. His music was heavily influenced by Liszt and Wagner, as in his Symphony in D minor, one of his most famous . It is not necessary because, where alternate possibilities are not available (as in, a Frankfurt-style scenario akin to W1), and therefore S could not have done otherwise on a given occasion, one can still ascribe moral responsibility through an enforcement of the twin world condition. (1959) from Harvard University, and in 1995 was awarded an LL.d. One might even say that the presence of a counterfactual intervener means that the environment does not enable alternate possibilities; so (b) is not satisfied. But if you look at their visions more as a commentary on society and an exploration of concepts rather than a literal plan to destroy and rebuild cities (though they certainly may have intended the latter), it becomes clear that both architects recognized the same problems inherent in their cities. Third parties promote the concerns of special-interest groups. Frankfurt, H. (1969). After such a demonstration the weapon might perhaps be used against Japan if the sanction of the United Nations (and if public opinion at home) were obtained, perhaps after a preliminary ultimatum to Japan to surrender or at least to evacuate certain regions as an alternative to their total destruction. Erkenntnis, 78, 10371049. As Engels points out, the ten-point program outlined here is very conservative and preliminary, and would have been much more developed had the Manifesto been written later. The key aspect of this solution he termed autostrades, elevated motorways 16 feet (4.8 meters) above the pedestrian domain on the ground. Beyond the towers themselves, his vision includes broader recommendations for city life, most notably the separation of pedestrians and cars. Riding somewhat roughshod over this debate and allowing that the sign does not indicate an alternate possibility (and therefore a flicker of freedom) because we do not need it too the twin world condition requires a comparison between S (or Jones or whoever) in W1 (where we allow no alternate possibility to exist) with S in W2 (where alternate possibilities incontrovertibly exist). SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENT In our constitutional democracy, all persons who reside within the United Statesincluding b) Donnelly argues both 'radical' cultural relativism and 'radical' universalism are misguided (1984, 403). This further condition which I am calling twin world explains why we are still justified in assigning moral responsibility to an agent who fails to satisfy PAP in the manner described within Frankfurts counter-example. The answer to the first suggestion is that although we undoubtedly are at present ahead of the rest of the world in this field, the fundamental facts of nuclear power are a subject of common knowledge. I conclude with the claim that neither the amended PAP nor the twin world condition is necessary for the ascription of moral responsibility; rather, what is necessary is simply that one of these conditions is satisfied. The Journal of Philosophy, 66(23), 829839. Mapping my twin world condition onto the Frankfurt scenario, we should understand Joness action E to be congruent across W1 and W2. History doesn't matter then isnt the brainwasher really responsible? He may have also been fueled by heroic amounts of . Blumenfeld, D. (1971). The aim of this paper is to present a version of the principle of alternate possibilities (PAP) which is not susceptible to the Frankfurt-style counter-example. I argue that PAP does not need to be endorsed as a necessary condition for moral responsibility and, in fact, presenting PAP as a sufficient condition maintains its usefulness as a maxim for moral accountability whilst avoiding . in 1953. Complete the sentence by inferring information about the italicized word from its context. Shabo, S. (2011). Among all the arguments calling for an efficient international organization for peace, the existence of nuclear weapons is the most compelling one. Moreover, with the addition of the twin word condition, which I have argued is likewise sufficient for an ascription of moral responsibility, we are able to account for why Jones should be held morally accountable. Standingathomeplate\underline{\text{Standing at home plate}}Standingathomeplate, Jesus\boxed{\text{Jess}}Jesus faced the pitcher. The disagreement began on January 3, 1932, when Le Corbusier published an article in The Times which ran under the title A Noted Architect Dissects Our Cities Le Corbusier Indicts Them as Cataclysms and Describes His Ideal Metropolis. Discussing cities like Paris, New York, and Chicago, Le Corbusier explains his vision for what we know today as Ville Radieuse, which he calls in the article the Green City. What are they supposed to show, according to Dennett? One thing is clear: any international agreement on prevention of nuclear armaments must be backed by actual and efficient controls. 119137). positions that the constituents of several representatives hold in common. esponsibility to protect their citizens from atrocious crimesand in 2006 the UN Security Council passed Resolution 1674, which commits the Council to protect civilians during armed conflicts. When discussing alternate possibilities, then, the notion of alternate possibilities should be understood to mean that there is at least one alternate possibility that is considered morally praiseworthy, or at the very least not immoral. After a lengthy search, the starving castaways were thrilled to discover that the tiny island offered a plethora of .. Contemporaries who agreed with Franck's argument in the second and third paragraphs regarding the need for an international agreement would most likely have made which of the following arguments to support their problem- The peace agreements should ensure that Germany could never threaten the stability of Europe again. He decided to do this without the intervention of Black, and so made this decision oblivious to the fact that he could not have decided nor done other than he did. Principle of Alternative Possibilities (PAP). Typically, we want to ascribe moral responsibility to Jones because he decided to carry out an act that, let us say, we judge to be morally reprehensible. Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 41(4), 505522. But if you look at their . Third parties help bridge the gap between state and federal legislators. We can allow that clauses (a) and (b) are violated because such violation does not negate the possibility that Jones is nevertheless morally responsible for his action: for some other condition (as yet to be identified) could exist that is sufficient to justify the claim that Jones is morally responsible, even though he could not have done other than he did. (I focused on the second version). In the next section I present the case for PAP(s) as a maxim for moral accountability; arguing that it is just as informative to the task of ascribing moral responsibility as PAP. is wrong with it, and describe briefly and without argument how it might appropriately be revised. Guest Review of Taipei, by Tao Lin. a) The end of the war would probably lead to a new rivalry between the victorious states. It has been suggested that a compulsory denaturation of pure fissionable isotopes may be agreed uponby diluting them, after production, with suitable isotopes to make them useless for military purposes, while retaining their usefulness for power engines. Where this is not the cases, as expressed within (3) then we must conclude that intervention has occurred in W1, thereby explaining the incongruence across worlds. Unreflectively accepts leaders orders: he wants to want this. Ginet, C., & Palmer, D. (2010). Ultimately, they would argue that only through collective action and cooperation can we ensure global peace and security in the nuclear age. In this case, there are alternate possibilities, of course, thereby making it possible for S to do other than he did; but there are no alternate possibilities that do not involve a morally repugnant outcome; meaning that S cannot engage in any action that does not result in an immoral act occurring. One may point out that scientists themselves have initiated the development of this "secret weapon" and it is therefore strange that they should be reluctant to try it out on the enemy as soon as it is available. We believe that our acquaintance with the scientific elements of the situation and prolonged preoccupation with its world-wide political implications, imposes on us the obligation to offer to the Committee some suggestions as to the possible solution of these grave problems. We have to be careful, of course, about how such a description is formally presented. If it does become clear that Jones is going to decide to do something else, Black takes effective steps to ensure that Jones decides to do, and that he does do, what he wants him to do.