Their own interests, which they understood as "civil" or "bourgeois", seemed irrelevant. This page was last edited on 22 February 2023, at 19:38. What did they stand for? Those who speak the same language are joined to each other by a multitude of invisible bonds by nature herself, long before any human art begins; they understand each other and have the power of continuing to make themselves understood more and more clearly; they belong together and are by nature one and an inseparable whole. All the rest of us would eagerly and joyfully follow you." The post-revolutionary European world became one of dramatic nation building that ultimately set the stage for 20th century nationalistic fervor, but before we can get nationalist passions riled up, we need to make some more nations. [87] In 1867, the Austrian emperor Franz Joseph accepted a settlement (the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867) in which he gave his Hungarian holdings equal status with his Austrian domains, creating the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary.[88]. [111], Additional studies of different groups in Wilhelmine Germany have all contributed to a new view of the period. In addition, the notion of a distinctive path relies upon the underlying assumption that some other nation's path (in this case, the United Kingdom's) is the accepted norm. For instance Italy was brought together when the Franco-Prussian war withdrew France from Rome. The Brothers Grimm, who compiled a massive dictionary known as The Grimm, also assembled a compendium of folk tales and fables, which highlighted the story-telling parallels between different regions. [116] The May Laws of 1873 brought the appointment of priests, and their education, under the control of the state, resulting in the closure of many seminaries, and a shortage of priests. Howard, Chapter XI: the Peace, pp. Even after the end of the Holy Roman Empire, this competition influenced the growth and development of nationalist movements in the 19th century. German and Italian reunification has similarities and differences. This limited union under Prussia would have almost eliminated Austrian influence on the other German states. Public opinion also opposed Prussian domination. Josep R. Llobera and Goldsmiths' College. [71] Regardless of motivation, by manipulating events of 1866 and 1870, Bismarck demonstrated the political and diplomatic skill that had caused Wilhelm to turn to him in 1862. In the first half of the 1860s, Austria and Prussia both contended to speak for the German states; both maintained they could support German interests abroad and protect German interests at home. This sheet contains the Summer Assignments and introduces you to the material we will be studying next year The Textbooks: Spielvogel, Jackson J. This AP European History crash course on the Italian Unification will be a good asset for you on the new AP Euro exam. Thus, by 1836, all states to the south of Prussia had joined the Customs Union, except Austria. The overture to Das Rheingold sets the stage for the audience. The first part, Das Rheingold, opens with three Rhine Maidens guarding the Rhine Gold, and the last part, Gtterdammerung, concludes with the same Rhine Maidens. Following the 1848 upheavals, Wagner penned his essay, "Art and Revolution," in which he argued that the task of the artist is to effect political change through artistic expression. ", Kocka, Jrgen and Mitchell, Allan. [33] As people moved around, they came into contact with others, on trains, at hotels, in restaurants, and for some, at fashionable resorts such as the spa in Baden-Baden. [121] According to this story, Prussia played the dominant role in bringing the German states together as a nation-state; only Prussia could protect German liberties from being crushed by French or Russian influence. [54][55], After the Frankfurt Parliament disbanded, Frederick William IV, under the influence of General Joseph Maria von Radowitz, supported the establishment of the Erfurt Uniona federation of German states, excluding Austriaby the free agreement of the German princes. ultimate guide to Euro 2020, epic interviews with the stars, plus the UK and Ireland dream team and also discover everything you need to know about Messi, Ronaldo, Kane, Salah, Mbappe, Maguire, Hazard, Pogba and all the other top footballers. [35] He was not alone: the poet August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben wrote a poem in which he extolled the virtues of the Zollverein, which he began with a list of commodities that had contributed more to German unity than politics or diplomacy. The Bavarian king, Ludwig II, who was one of the last German princes to agree to join the Prussian-dominated German Empire, provided the majority of the funds for its construction. The speed of Prussian mobilization astonished the French, and the Prussian ability to concentrate power at specific pointsreminiscent of Napoleon I's strategies seventy years earlieroverwhelmed French mobilization. [80], A quick peace was essential to keep Russia from entering the conflict on Austria's side. In 1807, Alexander von Humboldt argued that national character reflected geographic influence, linking landscape to people. Under the hegemony of the French Empire (18041814), popular German nationalism thrived in the reorganized German states. It also required a rethinking of political, social, and cultural behaviors and the construction of new metaphors about "us" and "them". [112], If the Wartburg and Hambach rallies had lacked a constitution and administrative apparatus, that problem was addressed between 1867 and 1871. . Austria's resistance to attempts to unify Germany under Prussian leadership further obstructed unification. Their pressure resulted in a variety of elections, based on different voting qualifications, such as the Prussian three-class franchise, which granted to some electoral groupschiefly the wealthier, landed onesgreater representative power. [107], Though often characterized as a federation of monarchs, the German Empire, strictly speaking, federated a group of 26 constituent entities with different forms of government, ranging from the main four constitutional monarchies to the three republican Hanseatic cities. For the most part, these Polish-speaking Catholics did not assimilate into German culture, and Bismarck often dealt with the Poles in a brutal manner, eventually expelling large numbers of Poles and Polish Jews in 1885. a. the german reichstag forced otto von bismarck to resign as chancellor. [78], Although several German states initially sided with Austria, they stayed on the defensive and failed to take effective initiatives against Prussian troops. While the liberals failed to achieve the unification they sought, they did manage to gain a partial victory by working with the German princes on many constitutional issues and collaborating with them on reforms. Europe (1848-1871) quizzes about important details and events in every section of the book. As a further consequence, there was no German national identity in development as late as 1800, mainly due to the highly autonomous or semi-independent nature of the princely states; most inhabitants of the Holy Roman Empire, outside of those ruled by the emperor directly, identified themselves mainly with their prince rather than with the Empire or the nation as a whole. This newer scholarship has demonstrated the importance of the merchant classes of the Hanseatic cities and the industrial leadership (the latter particularly important in the Rhineland) in the ongoing development of the Second Empire. The Franco-Prussian War. In these states, German life has its positive and negative polesin the former, all the interests [that] are national and reformative, in the latter, all that are dynastic and destructive. Finally, as Prussian military capacity far exceeded that of Austria, Prussia was clearly the only state within the Confederation (or among the German states generally) capable of protecting all of them from potential interference or aggression. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000. Wilhelm refused to give such an encompassing statement, and he sent Bismarck a dispatch by telegram describing the French demands. Although some of the outlying German provinces were not serviced by rail until the 1890s, the majority of the population, manufacturing centers, and production centers were linked to the rail network by 1865. The "Witch. Groups can be overlapped, e.g., Catholics can also be Polish, German, or French, etc. [64], Bismarck expressed the essence of Realpolitik in his subsequently famous "Blood and Iron" speech to the Budget Committee of the Prussian Chamber of Deputies on 30 September 1862, shortly after he became Minister President: "The great questions of the time will not be resolved by speeches and majority decisionsthat was the great mistake of 1848 and 1849but by iron and blood. Meanwhile, center-right revolutionaries sought some kind of expanded suffrage within their states and potentially, a form of loose unification. For example, raw materials could travel up and down the Ruhr Valley without having to unload and reload. [28] The failure of most of the governments to deal with the food crisis of the mid-1840s, caused by the potato blight (related to the Great Irish Famine) and several seasons of bad weather, encouraged many to think that the rich and powerful had no interest in their problems. [22], Crucially, both the Wartburg rally in 1817 and the Hambach Festival in 1832 had lacked any clear-cut program of unification. Bismarck's policies, especially the buildup of the Prussian army, led to conflict with the liberal-dominated Lower House of the Prussian parliament, which resisted his proposals to pay for the increase in military expenditures with new taxes until Bismarck and the crown agreed to lasting constitutional reform. Save. Smith focuses on German unification and religion. AP Euro & World History Lecture: Italian & German Unification by Ye Olde History Shoppe 4.5 (2) $3.00 Google Slides This presentation includes checks for understanding and points of discussion: Everything you need to teach and review GERMAN & ITALIAN UNIFICATION with your AP European History or World History classes. A revolution in Spain overthrew Queen Isabella II, and the throne remained empty while Isabella lived in sumptuous exile in Paris. He opposed the antisemitic programs of Bismarck's Kulturkampf and the vitriolic text that Treitschke often employed in the publication of his Studien ber die Judenfrage (Studies of the Jewish Question), which encouraged assimilation and Germanization of Jews. [105] "Einheit unity was achieved at the expense of Freiheit freedom. German Unification Before 1870 Economic success, political failure, and diplomatic tension marked the idea of a unified Germany in the period after the Napoleonic Wars. The new empire functioned largely as a federation, with Prussia as the dominant state. This brief war (fought over the course of mere weeks) pitted Prussia and her allies against Austria and other German states. Several hapless Hambach speakers were arrested, tried and imprisoned; one, Karl Heinrich Brggemann (18101887), a law student and representative of the secretive Burschenschaft, was sent to Prussia, where he was first condemned to death, but later pardoned. A complete overview of the AP European History exam. [86], The end of Austrian dominance of the German states shifted Austria's attention to the Balkans. Luther and Qin both lived in a society filled with disunity and corruption, hence why both decided to make a change. He was first and foremost a politician, and in this lied his strength. The wave of nationalism that raced through Europe in the nineteenth century resulted in the unifications of Germany and Italy. The Union helped to reduce protectionist barriers between the German states, especially improving the transport of raw materials and finished goods, making it both easier to move goods across territorial borders and less costly to buy, transport, and sell raw materials. '", Kocka, Jrgen and Mitchell, Allan. The remainder of the letter exhorts the Germans to unification: "This role of world leadership, left vacant as things are today, might well be occupied by the German nation. The full text of Wagner's essay is available online. Those balance of power manoeuvers were epitomized by the War of the Bavarian Succession, or "Potato War" among common folk. Their "radicalness" depended upon where they stood on the spectrum of male suffrage: the wider the definition of suffrage, the more radical. emphasized their distinctiveness for not only the Christian Germans, but for the local Jewish populations as well. They captured Napoleon III and took an entire army as prisoners at Sedan on 1 September 1870. Wagner hoped that by the time the overture reached its crescendo, the music would have suitably "unified" the audience. Bismarck, a member of Prussia's Junker class, the conservative nobility who served the Prussian state as officers in the military or as governmental bureaucrats, was completely devoted to the Prussian crown, God, and German unification. Austria's power meant lack of power for us, whereas Prussia desired German unity in order to supply the deficiencies of her own power. Politically, the conservative order tried to limit the influence of liberal politics by making minor concessions to liberals. The unification of Germany fundamentally altered the delicate "balance of powers" established by the Congress of Vienna with the creation of a large, wealthy, and powerful nation-state in central Europe. Over the ensuing thirty years (and more) other German states joined. [53] Since the end of the 1990s, this view has become widely accepted, although some historians still find the Sonderweg analysis helpful in understanding the period of National Socialism. Updated AP Edition. the 9-0, unanimous vote on the court is set to overturn the lower appellate court decision that augustus . These skeptics saw the proposal as a ploy to enhance Prussian power rather than a progressive agenda of reform. [114] In the new German nation, a Kulturkampf (187278) that followed political, economic, and administrative unification attempted to address, with a remarkable lack of success, some of the contradictions in German society. [31], In contrast, the coastal states already had barrier free access to international trade and did not want consumers and producers burdened with the import duties they would pay if they were within the Zollverein customs border. However, proponents of Kleindeutsch, Lesser Germany, argued that Austria should be excluded from unification due to dynastic rivalry between the Hohenzollerns and the Hapsburgs and the cultural differences between a mostly Protestant Prussia and Catholic Austria. 432; Holt, p. 75. Slowly, the music builds on the E-flat as the lights are slowly turned up on the setting, which shows the three Rhine Maidens swimming in the river. Ap Euro Sample Guide. 22 times. Not being a member mattered more for the states of south Germany, since the external tariff of the Customs Union prevented customs-free access to the coast (which gave access to international markets). New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. Thus Wagner emphasizes that German identity is tied with geographical boundaries, in this case, the Rhine River. The second war of German unification was the 1866 Austro-Prussian War, which settled the question of "smaller" versus "greater" Germany. Bismarck used the nationalist movement to increase Prussia's power and began working to eliminate foreign influence, much like the process of unification in Italy. Throughout the German states, city councils, liberal parliamentary members who favored a unified state, and chambers of commercewhich would see great benefits from unificationopposed any war between Prussia and Austria. This system reorganized Europe into spheres of influence, which, in some cases, suppressed the aspirations of the various nationalities, including the Germans and Italians. Examples of this argument appear in: Ralf Dahrendorf. 465 -466 During the first half of the nineteenth century, nationalism was most often connected to liberalism. 432456. The numerable challenges to German unification meant that, as one prominent historian of Germany observed, the making of Germany was only slightly less difficult than the making of Germans. While many spoke about the need for a constitution, no such document appeared from the discussions. Such leadership, of course, is required not to dominate other peoples but to lead them along the path of duty, to lead them toward the brotherhood of nations where all the barriers erected by egoism will be destroyed." The assembly offered to share power under a constitutional monarchy and offered the crown of a unified Germany to Frederick William IV of Prussia. The decrees were the subject of Johann Joseph von Grres's pamphlet Teutschland [archaic: Deutschland] und die Revolution (Germany and the Revolution) (1820), in which he concluded that it was both impossible and undesirable to repress the free utterance of public opinion by reactionary measures. The Wars of Unification resulted in the annexation of large populations of non-German speakers, such as Danes in Schleswig and French in Alsace-Lorraine. In Deutschland, Deutschland ber Alles, officially called Das Lied der Deutschen ("The Song of the Germans"), Fallersleben called upon sovereigns throughout the German states to recognize the unifying characteristics of the German people. Corporate author : International Scientific Committee for the drafting of a General History of Africa Person as author : Ki-Zerbo, Joseph [editor] France promised aid, but it came late and was insufficient. The treaties of Lunville (1801) and the Mediatization of 1803 secularized the ecclesiastical principalities and abolished most free imperial cities and these territories along with their inhabitants were absorbed by dynastic states. [39], As travel became easier, faster, and less expensive, Germans started to see unity in factors other than their language. With this constitution, the new Germany acquired some democratic features: notably the Imperial Diet, whichin contrast to the parliament of Prussiagave citizens representation on the basis of elections by direct and equal suffrage of all males who had reached the age of 25. As the rail network expanded, it became cheaper to transport goods: in 1840, 18 Pfennigs per ton per kilometer and in 1870, five Pfennigs. (The power of initiating legislation rested with the chancellor.) Kuhne, Thomas. Protestants, Catholics and Jews in Germany, 1800-1914. France's sphere included the Iberian Peninsula and a share of influence in the Italian states. The Imperial Diet had the power to pass, amend, or reject bills, but it could not initiate legislation. [26], Several other factors complicated the rise of nationalism in the German states. Let us hope that in the center of Europe you can then make a unified nation out of your fifty millions. AP Euro Italian Unification YouTube Video Otto von Bismarck (April 1, 1815 - July 30, 1898) Otto von Bismarck was a Prussian statesman who set the stage for the creation of the German Empire in 1871 and served as its chancellor for 19 years. Ap euro 21 - lecture notes; Ap euro 23 - lecture notes; Ap euro 24 - lecture notes; Ap euro 25 - lecture notes; Ap euro 26 - lecture notes . These annexations did not happen, resulting in animosity from Napoleon towards Bismarck. [19], The assassination of German dramatist August von Kotzebue in March 1819 by a radical student seeking unification was followed on 20 September 1819 by the proclamation of the Carlsbad Decrees, which hampered intellectual leadership of the nationalist movement. Although those living in the states that became part of the German Empire largely shared a common linguistic (German) and religious (Protestant) bond, the borders of the new empire included millions who identified neither with German language and culture (French, Danes, and Poles) nor with the dominant religion (Catholics and Jews). In 1866, most mid-sized German states had opposed Prussia, but by 1870 these states had been coerced and coaxed into mutually protective alliances with Prussia. The Revolution of 1848 brought some liberal reforms to Prussia, such as the ability of the parliament to obstruct certain forms of taxation. William, crowned King Wilhelm I in 1861, appointed Otto von Bismarck to the position of Minister-President of Prussia in 1862. The reason is that the world lacks a nation [that] possesses true leadership. Cengage Learning, 2016. [7], The debacle in Russia loosened the French grip on the German princes. Comparing and contrasting Wagner's views of nationalism in "Art and Revolution" with Bismarck's speech to the Prussian Lower House, what are the strengths and weaknesses of each view? The widespreadmainly Germanrevolutions of 184849 sought unification of Germany under a single constitution. The Napoleon's campaigns in Poland (180607) resulting in his decision to re-establish a form of Polish statehood (the Duchy of Warsaw) at the cost of also Prussian-conquered Polish territories, as well as his campaigns on Iberian Peninsula, in western Germany, and his disastrous invasion of Russia in 1812 disillusioned many Germans, princes and peasants alike. [100] On January 18, 1871, the German princes and senior military commanders proclaimed Wilhelm "German Emperor" in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles. How were they to be organized? He was also an ardent German nationalist. The Sonderweg hypothesis attributed their power to the absence of a revolutionary breakthrough by the middle classes, or by peasants in combination with the urban workers, in 1848 and again in 1871. Guy, Monika Chavez, Thomas A. Lovik Although they initially sought to restore central Imperial power, preserving a weak and fragmented Empire was convenient for France and Sweden, and therefore, their ensuing intervention led to the Peace of Westphalia which effectively thwarted for centuries any serious attempts to reinforce the imperial central authority and petrified fragmentation, resulting in the German-speaking territories comprising on the eve of the Napoleonic Wars still more than 300 political entities, most of them being parts of the Holy Roman Empire, though portions of the extensive Habsburg Monarchy (exclusively its large non-German-speaking territories: Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen and the Austrian partition of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth) or of the Hohenzollern Kingdom of Prussia (both the German-speaking former Duchy of Prussia and the non-German-speaking entire territory of the Prussian partition of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth) as well as the German-speaking Swiss cantons were outside of the Imperial borders. In 1813, Napoleon mounted a campaign in the German states to bring them back into the French orbit; the subsequent War of Liberation culminated in the great Battle of Leipzig, also known as the Battle of Nations. 10th grade. Every German has complete freedom of religion and conscience. Hanover on the north coast formed its own customs union the Tax Union or Steuerverein in 1834 with Brunswick and with Oldenburg in 1836. Music scholars have also argued that the sustained E-flat not only represents the depths of Rhine River, but because Wagner was a Social Darwinist, the note represents creation itself; the music "evolves" from one simple note, and therefore Wagner's intention was that Germany itself, in spite of its newness, was an organic entity, existing in spirit, long before it was created politically. The German Conquest of France in 18701871. Held together only by the idea of unification, their notions of how to achieve this did not include specific plans but instead rested on the nebulous idea that the Volk (the people), if properly educated, would bring about unification on their own. opaeeftakppooeiflei# 01848--1871: unification of Germany and final unification of Italy and introductionof 3rd republic in France. He refused for a variety of reasons. In October 1813, more than 500,000 combatants engaged in ferocious fighting over three days, making it the largest European land battle of the 19th century. The states ranged in size from the small and complex territories of the princely Hohenlohe family branches to sizable, well-defined territories such as the Electorate of Bavaria, the Margraviate of Brandenburg or the Kingdom of Bohemia. Prussia's consolidated strength had become especially apparent during the Partitions of Poland, the War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War under Frederick the Great. .We need a powerful ruling house. Through military victory, Prussia under Bismarck's influence had overcome Austria's active resistance to the idea of a unified Germany. SEOUL, South Korea . The German question is not a constitutional question but a question of power; and the Prussian monarchy is now wholly German, while that of Austria cannot be. The Prussian war cabinet understood that its only supporters among the German states against the Habsburgs were two small principalities bordering on Brandenburg that had little military strength or political clout: the Grand Duchies of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Strelitz. Rail travel changed how cities looked and how people traveled. Why did Wagner's cultural/mythical nationalism yield to Bismarck's policy of Realpolitik? During the brief Napoleonic restoration known as the 100 Days of 1815, forces of the Seventh Coalition, including an Anglo-Allied army under the command of the Duke of Wellington and a Prussian army under the command of Gebhard von Blcher, were victorious at Waterloo (18 June 1815).