Vitamins and minerals can cause toxicity if consumed in large amounts. This page specifically discusses the use of multivitamins, which typically contain about 26 different vitamins and minerals, and often provide 100% of the Recommended Daily Allowance of these micronutrients. [, Mulholland CA, Benford DJ. Cataracts and age-related macular degeneration (AMD)
Am J Clin Nutr 2007;85:308S-13S. The mineral fluoride not only helps bone formation but also keeps dental cavities from starting or worsening. Mechanism of Action. However, evidence to support their use for overall health or disease prevention in the general population remains limited. Office of Dietary Supplements. Multivitamin-mineral use is associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease mortality among women in the United States. [, Keats EC, Haider BA, Tam E, Bhutta ZA. Obtaining sufficient amounts of folic acid in the periconceptual period reduces the risk of neural tube defects in newborns. In the Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS), investigators randomized 4,757 individuals aged 5580 years who had varying degrees of AMD, cataract, or both conditions to receive a placebo or a daily supplement containing high doses of vitamin C (500 mg), vitamin E (400 IU), beta-carotene (15 mg), zinc (80 mg), and copper (2 mg) [30,31]. 1. [. Helps strengthen bones and make joints flexible. Women. . This analysis included 4,933 adults who reported taking an MV or MVM during the previous 12 months and 16,670 nonusers [37]. A third CVD outcomes study prospectively followed a cohort of 37,193 women ages 45 and older (mean age 54 years) participating in the Women's Health Study who were users (38%) or nonusers (62%) of MVMs (including "a wide range of lower-dose vitamins and minerals") for an average of 16.2 years. Vitamins serve crucial functions in almost all bodily processes example immune, hormonal and nervous systems. Multivitamins, vision are an over-the-counter (OTC) product used to reduce the risk of vision loss among moderate to advanced age-related macular degeneration (AMD) patients and as an ocular (eye) vitamin supplement. 2007;1:42-55. Although MVM use might not reduce overall chronic disease risk, several nutrients in MVMs might benefit certain groups of people. Cardiovascular disease (CVD)
Dietary supplements are commonly taken during pregnancy to increase nutrient intakes, especially of key nutrients, such as iron and folic acid. US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Further metabolism of vitamin D to its major circulating form (25(OH)D) and hormonal form (1,25(OH)2D) takes place in the liver and kidney, respectively, but also in other tissues where the 1,25(OH)2D produced serves a paracrine/autocrine function . ET, or . Multivitamins are a combination of many different vitamins that are normally found in foods and other natural sources.. Multivitamins are used to provide vitamins that are not taken in through the diet. There are also reports of . J Nutr 2021;151:1976-82. Ann Pharmacother 2011;45:476-84. Among the more common ingredients are amino acids, protein, creatine, and caffeine. During the study, 4,517 died of colon cancer. Multivitamin use and risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease in the Women's Health Initiative cohorts. Molecules, 24 (2019), p. 2362, 10.3390/molecules24132362. The studies included a total of 91,074 healthy adults (average age 62 years) taking the MVs or MVMs for an average of 43 months, and the investigators reported 8,794 deaths. Blumberg JB, Bailey RL, Sesso HD, Ulrich CM. Nutrition intervention trials in Linxian, China: Multiple vitamin/mineral supplementation, cancer incidence, and disease-specific mortality among adults with esophageal dysplasia. MVMs providing nutrients in recommended amounts do not ordinarily interact with medications, with one important exception. Absorption of vitamins in the intestine is critical in avoiding deficiency states, and impairment of . Generic Name: Multivitamins, Vision. There is no one single thing that makes it work. Overall, MVM supplementation was not associated with better cardiovascular outcomes, including lower risk of mortality from CVD and coronary heart disease, or of stroke incidence and mortality. The micronutrient combination tested had a comparable efficacy to insulin in facilitating glucose uptake by . JAMA 2017;317:183-9. Updated:
Many of these products contain numerous ingredients in varied combinations and amounts. Introduction. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends that pregnant people take a daily "prenatal vitamin" [56]. Therefore, these terms refer to products that have widely varying compositions [5]. Ophthalmology 2014;121:525-34. Multivitamins are supplements that contain many different vitamins and minerals, sometimes alongside other ingredients ().Given that there's no standard for what constitutes a multivitamin . When your child needs vitamin D, iron, and zinc. Excess intakes can also be a concern for people taking MVMs that contain some vitamins or minerals in amounts approaching or exceeding the UL. Neither baseline use nor changes in use of MVMs over time were associated with changes in the long-term risk of major CVD events, MI, stroke, cardiac revascularizations, or death from CVD. Deficiency Signs and Symptoms. Any mention in this publication of a specific product or service, or recommendation from an organization or professional society, does not represent an endorsement by ODS of that product, service, or expert advice. This publication is not copyrighted and is in the public domain. Cancer
Improve health or prevent chronic disease
Know the Science features a variety of materials, including interactive modules, quizzes, and videos, as well as links to informative content from Federal resources designed to help consumers make sense of health information. As with some observational studies, some RCTs have suggested that MVM use has potential health benefits, but others have found no such benefits. Rosenberg IH. However, the study showed that beta-carotene was not a required ingredient; the original AREDS formulation without beta-carotene provided the same protective effect on reducing the risk of advanced AMD as the AREDS2 formulation. Duplication is encouraged. The American Institute for Cancer Research recommends against taking dietary supplements for cancer prevention because supplements do not provide the same benefits as eating whole foods [51]. One well-known trial of the impact of MVMs on both chronic disease risk and mortality used combinations of antioxidant nutrients. Enzymes for detoxification of various mycotoxins: origins and mechanisms of catalytic action. Participants who took the MVM did not have fewer major cardiovascular events, myocardial infarctions, strokes, or cardiovascular-related deaths than nonusers [38]. The USPSTF advises people who are planning to become or capable of becoming pregnant to take a dietary supplement providing 400 to 800 mcg/day of folic acid daily [55]. which is why it's a critical component in prenatal vitamins mechanism of action. Taking a daily dose of a basic MVM is unlikely to pose a health risk for most people. The products provided an average of 14 nutrients, although the products with 3 nutrients in 5 trials did not contain a mineral. Well, different vitamins and minerals in a prenatal vitamin work in different ways. Vitamin B5. National Institutes of Health state-of-the-science conference statement: multivitamin/mineral supplements and chronic disease prevention. On the whole, the . The USPSTF also noted that beta-carotene supplementation may increase the risk of mortality from CVD. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2018; 11(7):e004224. J Nutr 2015;572-8. [. Arch Ophthalmol 2001;119:1417-36. U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Ask ODS
Prenatal supplements generally provide no vitamin A in the form of retinol, and most childrens MVMs provide age-appropriate amounts of nutrients. MVMs and MVs accounted for 14% of all purchases of supplements and 38% of all sales of vitamin and mineral supplements in the United States in 2019 [4]. Inflammation comes from the Latin word inflammare, which means "to set on fire.". Effects of cocoa extract and a multivitamin on cognitive function: A randomized clinical trial. Similarly, the American Heart Association advises against the use of MVMs to prevent CVD because scientific studies have found them to be of no value for this purpose [52]. Vitamin A is effective for the treatment of Vitamin A deficiency. Minerals (especially taken in large doses) can cause side effects such as tooth staining, increased urination, stomach bleeding, uneven heart rate, confusion, and muscle weakness or limp feeling. All results were adjusted to exclude potential confounders, such as the use of single vitamin or mineral supplements. Know the Science: 9 Questions To Help You Make Sense of Health Research. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2010. Infants and children
When taken as directed, multivitamins and minerals are not expected to cause serious side effects. Vitamins and minerals are essential substances that our bodies need to develop and function normally. N Engl J Med 1996;334:1150-5. Mechanism. Prevention of rickets and vitamin D deficiency in infants, children, and adolescents. Other RCTs have evaluated the effects of MVMs on outcomes in individuals with a range of chronic diseases. In general, MVMs might help people who do not eat a nutritious variety of foods to obtain adequate amounts of essential nutrients. Pregnant people
Normally provided in combination with dietary minerals. Multivitamin use and the risk of mortality and cancer incidence: the Multiethnic Cohort Study. [, Johnstone JM, Hughes A, Goldenberg JZ, Romijn AR, Rucklidge JJ. However, MVMs cannot take the place of the variety of foods that are important to a healthy diet, because foods provide other nutrients and components that have benefits for health. MVM use is less common among smokers and members of certain ethnic and racial groups, such as African Americans, Hispanics, and Native Americans, than among Whites. [, Christen WG, Glynn RJ, Manson JE, MacFadyen J, Bubes V, Schwartz M, et al. Have a question? Product Presentation. Although they are all considered micronutrients, vitamins and minerals differ in basic ways. The Physicians Health Study II was the longest clinical trial to investigate whether MVMs might help prevent chronic disease. Check Price on Amazon. Manufacturers sometimes offer these MVMs in packs of two or more pills for users to take daily. Honey possesses antimicrobial, anti . 1 Supplement use is typically a safe and effective method of maintaining a healthy body . MVMs cannot take the place of eating a variety of foods that are important to a healthy diet. Another type of neural control mechanism is the withdrawal reflex, in which the hand is jerked away from a painful stimulus such as broken glass. Folic acid supplementation for the prevention of neural tube defects. Observational studies
Target Actions . J Acad Nutr Diet 2018;118:2162-73. NCCIH has provided this material for your information. [, Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group. "Vitamin D and . When you combine at least two or more of these brain-enhancing formulas, what you get is called a stack. Lutein + zeaxanthin and omega-3 fatty acids for age-related macular degeneration: the Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) randomized clinical trial. Vitamins are not sources of energy as are carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. However, MVM use is common in the general population. Cancer Causes and Control 2001;12:927-34. The FNB does not address whether or to what extent nutrient supplements can compensate for dietary inadequacies. [, Gaziano JM, Sesso HD, Christen WG, Bubes V, Smith JP, MacFadyen J, et al. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2019, Issue 3. [, Jenkins DJA, Spence JD, Giovannucci EL, Kim Y-I, Josse RG, Vieth R, et al. The supplements provided no protection from CVD. The Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS), which was led by NIHs National Eye Institute and concluded in 2001, showed that daily high doses of vitamins C and E, beta-carotene, and the minerals zinc and coppercalled the AREDS formulationcan help slow the progression to advanced age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a blinding eye disease. The study randomly assigned 14,641 male physicians in the United States aged 50 and older to take a daily MVM (Centrum Silver) or placebo for a median of 11.2 years. J Nutr 2016;146:1235-40. MVMs were taken in the past 30 days by 24.0% of men and women aged 2039 years, 29.8% of those aged 4059 years, and 39.4% of those aged 60 and over [10]. A review of 16 RCTs of MVs and MVMs (containing more than four nutrients including, in most cases, at least one mineral) in 1,719 participants who had at least one of six types of psychiatric symptoms (depression, post-disaster stress, antisocial behavior, behavioral deficits in dementia, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, or autism) found that the supplements provided no clear reduction in symptoms [47]. Website: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/.